2020年北京新东方在线同声传译培训机构模拟练习题
因为同声传译具有很强的学术性和专业性，所以对译员的素质要求以及专业技能要求非常高，因为英语是国际公认的通用语言，所以对于国内的从业者来说，英汉的翻译最为常见，虽然同声传译的门槛高，但也是有迹可循的。2020年北京新东方在线同声传译培训机构模拟练习题。
THE Belgian blue is an ugly but tasty cow that has 40% more muscle than it should have. It is the product of random mutation followed by selective breeding-as, indeed, are all domesticated creatures. But where an old art has led, a new one may follow. By understanding which genetic changes have been consolidated in the Belgian blue, it may be possible to design and build similar versions of other species using genetic engineering as a short-cut. And that is precisely what Terry Bradley, a fish biologist at the University of Rhode Island, is trying to do. Instead of cattle, he is doing it in trout. His is one of two projects that may soon put the first biotech animals on the dinner table.
比利时蓝牛是一种看着丑陋但肉质鲜美的牛，这种牛身上长出的肌肉比一般的牛多出40％。但这种牛确确实实都是自然繁殖的家畜，是对随机的基因突变品种进行选育的结果。事物总是前有车，而后有辙啊。掌握了基因变化被固化于比利时蓝牛的机理，就可以利用基因工程技术走条捷径，设计和构造其它物种的类似变种。特里?布拉德利是罗得岛大学的鱼类生物学家，他目前正在按照这种构想进行试验。他试验的对象不是牛，而是鳟鱼。类似的研究项目有两个，他所从事的是其中之一，他们的研究成果可能很快就能变成第一批放在餐桌上的生物科技动物。
Belgian blues are so big because their genes for a protein called myostatin do not work properly. Myostatin is a hormone that regulates muscle growth. Disable its action and muscles will grow in parts of the anatomy where other animals do not even have them.
比利时蓝牛的肌肉如此发达的原因是牠的基因使一种叫做肌肉生长抑制素的蛋白质不能正常工作。肌肉生长抑制素是一种激素，可以调节肌肉的生长。如果肌肉生长抑制素不能正常工作，就会在解剖学上不可能生长肌肉的部位长出肌肉来，正常的动物不会长出这样的肌肉。
Dr Bradley has launched a four-pronged attack on the myostatin in his trout. First, he has introduced into them a gene that turns out a stunted version of the myostatin receptor, the molecule that sits in the surface membrane of muscle cells and receives the message to stop growing. The stunted receptor does not pass the message on properly.
布拉德利博士对用于试验的鳟鱼体内的肌肉生长抑制素进行了多管齐下的攻击。首先，他向肌肉生长抑制素注入能够使其受体退化的基因。肌肉生长抑制素受体是位于肌细胞表面隔膜上的分子，其作用是接收停止肌肉生长的信息。退化的受体无法正确的传递信息。
He has also added two genes for non-functional variants of myostatin. These churn out proteins, and those proteins bind to the receptors, but they do not tweak them in a way that passes the message on. They do, however, swamp and dilute the effect of functional myostatin molecules.
其次，他在失去作用的肌肉生长抑制素的变种中加入两种基因。这样就使蛋白质难以识别，这些蛋白质附着在受体上，但已经不能使受体起到传递信息的作用了。然而，这些失效的肌肉生长抑制素确实起到了将功能正常的肌肉生长抑制素分子稀释和淹没的作用。
Finally, he has spliced in a gene that causes overproduction of another protein, follistatin. This binds to myostatin and renders it inoperative.
最后，他还通过基因拼接的方法，使另一种蛋白质——卵泡，过分生长。卵泡附着在肌肉生长抑制素上，使它失去作用。
The upshot of all this tinkering is a trout that has twice the overall muscle mass of its traditional counterparts. Moreover, this muscle is low in fat, like that of its bovine counterparts. That, and the fact that the animal’s other organs are unaffected, means it does not take twice as much food to grow a fish to maturity.
这么忙活一通后，结果是出现了一条肌肉量是普通品种两倍的鳟鱼。此外，就像比利时蓝牛一样,这种鱼的肌肉含脂肪较低。由于动物的其它器官并没有受到影响，这就意味着喂养鱼的饲料并不需要翻番。
The genetic engineers at Aqua Bounty, a company based in Waltham, Massachusetts, have taken a different route using a different species. They are trying to grow supersize salmon by tinkering with the genes for growth hormone.
位于马萨诸塞州沃尔瑟姆的Aqua Bounty公司的基因工程师们用另一种鱼类，采用其它的方式进行了试验。他们采用基因随机改变生长激素的方法来产生超级鲑鱼。
Two snippets of DNA are involved. One, taken from a relative of the cod called the ocean pout, promotes the activity of the gene that encodes growth hormone. The other, taken from a chinook salmon, is a version of the growth-hormone gene itself. Unmodified salmon undergo a period of restricted growth when they are young. In combination, these two pieces of DNA produce growth hormone during that lull, abolishing it. The result is a fish that reaches marketable size in 18-24 months, as opposed to 30 months for the normal variety.
这涉及到两小片的DNA。一片取自大洋鳕，它是鳕鱼的近亲，能够促进负责生长激素编码的基因的活性。另一片采自奇努克鲑鱼，它本身就是一种生长激素基因。普通的鲑鱼在长成前都要经过一段限制增长的时期。这两片DNA相结合就能在生长停滞期产生出生长激素来，从而使鲑鱼始终都在生长。这样，普通品种的鲑鱼要生长30个月才能上市，而基因改造后的鱼经过18-24个月后，其个头就能达到上市的标准。
It is one thing to make such fish, of course. It is quite another to get them to market. First, it is necessary to receive the approval of the regulators. In America, the regulator in question is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which Aqua Bounty says it has been petitioning for more than a decade and which published guidelines for approving genetically engineered animals in 2009. Aqua Bounty has now filed its remaining studies for approval, and hopes to hear the result this year. Dr Bradley has not yet applied for approval.
当然，研究出这种鱼是一回事，让这种鱼能够进入市场又是另一回事了。首先，必须得到监管机构的批准。在美国，相关的监管机构是美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）。Aqua Bounty公司说这十几年的时间里一直在递交申请，而FDA也在2009年发布了批准转基因动物的指导方针。Aqua Bounty公司已经提交了其剩余项目的研究报告等待批准，并希望在年内得到审查结果。布拉德利博士尚未提交申请报告。
The FDA is concerned mainly with the healthfulness of what people put in their mouths, and it seems unlikely that either of the new procedures will yield something that is unsafe to eat. There is, however, a second consideration—one that always pertains in matters of biotechnology. Namely, what happens if the creatures escape and start breeding in the wild?
美国食品和药物管理局主要关注人们吃到嘴里的食物是否有益于健康，而这两种新的方式似乎都不大可能产生不安全的食物。然而，还有另一个需要顾忌的事情，这类顾忌总是与生物技术有关。也就是说，如果基因改造过的生物逃跑了，并开始在野外繁殖会出现什么情况？
For that to be a problem, it would have to be the case that the modified fish were better at surviving and reproducing than those honed by millions of years of natural selection. On the face of it, this seems unlikely, because the characteristics that have been engineered into them are ones designed to make them into better food, rather than lean, mean breeding machines.
这类顾忌要成为一个问题，其前提必须是：经基因改造的鱼其生存和繁殖能力要比那些经过数百万年的自然选择挑选出来鱼更高。从表面看来，这似乎不太可能，因为人们是为了使之成为更好的食物而设计它们，而不是要将它们培养成苗条的繁殖机器。
There is, however, one chink in this argument. As Mark Abrahams, a biologist at Memorial University in Newfoundland, points out, it is not just the fish that have been modified by man, but also the environment in which they would swim if they escaped. Specifically, many of the creatures that eat salmon and trout, such as bears and some birds, have had their ranks thinned by human activity.
然而，这个观点有隙可乘。正如纽芬兰纪念大学的生物学家马克?亚伯拉罕指出的那样，不仅是鱼被人类改变了，而且它们一旦逃跑后栖息的环境也受到了改变。说得明确点也就是，如熊和一些鸟类等以鲑鱼和鳟鱼为食物的动物，由于人类的活动而减少了。
Dr Abrahams thinks it possible that fast-growing salmon could displace the natural sort in places where predators are rare. His reasoning is that fish which grow fast need more food and must take more risks to get it. Normally, that would expose them to predation. With fewer predators around, though, this natural brake on “enhanced” salmon would be gone and they might, indeed, take over from the natural ones.
亚伯拉罕博士认为在食肉的天敌很少出没的地方快速生长的鲑鱼可能会取代自然生长的同类。他的理由是，生长快的鱼需要更多的食物，为了获得这些食物必然要冒更多的风险。通常情况下，这将使它们更多的暴露在捕食动物面前。而在食肉天敌较少的环境下，遏制“放大型”鲑鱼的自然力量消失了，它们确实可能取代天然生长的鲑鱼。
It is a risk, certainly, though it might not come to pass even in the absence of precautions. But Aqua Bounty is already building in such precautions. It does so by subjecting the developing eggs to high pressures. This alters their complement of chromosomes, giving them three sets per cell instead of the usual two. Such “triploid” fish are perfectly viable, but they are sterile. Only a small, sequestered breeding stock is allowed to remain diploid.
尽管在缺乏预防措施的情况下也不一定就会出现这种情况，但存在这种风险是不容否定的。但是Aqua Bounty 公司已经建立了这种预防措施。它将正在发育的鱼卵置于高压之下。这会改变其染色体的数量，使每个细胞产生三对染色体，而通常每个细胞只有两对染色体。这种三染色体鱼可以正常生长，但不能生育。只有一小群被隔离饲养的种鱼保持着双染色体。
The company claims a 99% success rate with its pressurising technique which, according to John Buchanan, its research director, meets the FDA’s requirements. As for the trout, Dr Bradley says his fish have enough trouble breeding on their own for it to be unlikely that they would do well in the wild. To get them to lay eggs and produce milt (seminal fluid) you have to squeeze them by hand. He says, though, that his fish could also be made triploid if necessary.
该公司声称其加压技术有99%的成功率，而根据该公司研究部主任约翰?布坎南的介绍，这项技术符合FDA的要求。至于鳟鱼，布拉德利博士说，他研究出的鱼要实现自我繁殖似乎不太可能，它们在野外难以生存。为了让它们产卵和生产米尔特（精液），必须用手工挤压才行。尽管如此，他说如有必要，这些鱼也可以携带上三染色体。
As a belt-and-braces protection against accidental release, it might also be possible to raise the new fish in isolated tanks on land, rather than in caged-off areas of rivers or the sea. Catfish, carp and tilapia are often bred this way. Salmon and trout are more sensitive to water quality, making land-based systems more expensive. There are, however, pilot projects for salmon in Vancouver.
为稳妥起见，防止出现鱼逃走的事故，或许还可以将鱼饲养在地面上隔离了的水槽中，而不在河流或海域用网箱饲养这种新的鱼类。鲶鱼，鲤鱼和罗非鱼一般都是这样养殖的。鲑鱼和鳟鱼对水质较为敏感，陆地养殖成本过高。然而，在温哥华有鲑鱼饲养的试点项目。
The result, if all goes well, will be that animals follow plants down the biotech route. Whether people will actually want to buy or eat the new fish is a different matter—though they buy the meat of Belgian blue cattle at a premium. Perhaps clever marketing could make “double-muscled” fish into a premium product, too. If people will pay extra for meat from a monstrosity like the Belgian blue, anything is possible.
如果一切顺利，转基因的动物将顺着转基因植物的发展路线（摆上人们的餐桌）。虽然比利时蓝牛的肉售价极高，人们购买的热情依然不减，但他们是否真正想要购买或食用这种新的鱼类则是另外一回事。也许聪明的营销方式可以使“双肌”鱼也成为质优价高的产品。也许人们乐于为购买像比利时蓝色那样的巨型怪物的肉而多套腰包呐，任何事情皆有可能。
2020年北京新东方在线同声传译培训机构模拟练习题。同声传译的才能不是一种可望而不可及的天赋才能。常言说得好，“功夫不负有心人”。只要我们细心钻研同传知识和技巧，积极参与同传强化训练，水到自然渠成。
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