研究生入学考试中，英语可以说是重头戏，每年都会有很多考生因为英语没过国家线而直接导致考研失败。2020年新东方在线研究生英语试题及答案。
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.
The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English &mdash they would rather have stayed home &mdash by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.
Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans.
Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.
Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.
1.Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text?
[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.
[D] By the 1730's,migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers.
2.The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to
[A] give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England.
[B] describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States.
[C] take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land.
[D] relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States.
3.Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's fourth proposition?
[A] It is totally implausible.
[B] It is partially acceptable.
[C] It is highly admirable.
[D] It is controversial though persuasive.
4.According to the text,Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England?
[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England.
[B] The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians.
[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England， and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own.
[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England.
5.The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn's work?
[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture.
[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain.
[C] Bailyn's description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect.
[D] Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America.
As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.
To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.
This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages， if there were no density-dependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly)。 Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the long-term average population density.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist''s investigation， we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described， even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.
1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with
[A] discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importance.
[B] describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur.
[C] proposing a hypothesis concerning population size and suggesting ways to test it.
[D] posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answer.
2.It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy discussed to be
[A] applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations.
[B] instrumental， but only if its limitations are recognized.
[C] dangerously misleading in most circumstances.
[D] a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena.
3.According to the text， all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT
[A] roughly constant population levels from year to year.
[B] regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers.
[C] erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather.
[D] unchecked increases in numbers over many generations.
4.The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves primarily to
[A] demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent factors limiting population growth.
[B] advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population growth.
[C] prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely density-independent.
[D] underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in regulating long-term population densities.
5.In the text， the author does all of the following EXCEPT
[A] cite the views of other biologists.
[B] define a basic problem that the text addresses.
[C] present conceptual categories used by other biologists.
[D] describe the results of a particular study.
2020年新东方在线研究生英语试题及答案。不同类型的题目有着不同的做题方式。例如对于细节题来说，首先需要在题目中找到关键词和不易替换词来作为具体定位词，然后去对应文章段落和行，一点一点去找答案和文章原文的对应部分，全部符合即正确答案。
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